These include
Bladder hydrodistention,
bladder training, medications via
bladder instillation like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMS), heparin and Clorpactin and surgery is kept as the last resort.
Avoidance of certain diets like cheese, alcohol, citrus juices, chocolates, coffee, cranberry juice, processed meats, onions, soy products, tea, tofu, tomatoes and yoghurt often help in improving the symptoms.