These include disease-modifying therapies such as beta-interferons,
glatiramer acetate, and natalizumab. Disease-modifying therapies requiring frequent, self-administered injections can be particularly troublesome for some patients, as they may result in localized skin reactions at the injection site. A variety of injection-site reactions (ISRs) have been reported, including pain and erythema, lipoatrophy, abscesses and infections, necrosis, rash, swelling, and lumps.